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STARDUST, a NASA spacecraft, currently on a mission to encounter the comet Wild 2 is equipped with an aerogel aimed to encapsulate interstellar and comet dust particles and bring them to Earth in the year 2006. Information regarding this mission is available under : stardust.jpl.nasa.gov . Figure 2-19 shows a photograph of particles captured within a silica aerogel. Due to their porous structure, silica aerogels can be used as a chemically inert matrix, as demonstrated by Woigner et al [Woigner 1998-1], who used sintered silica aerogels as a host matrix for long life nuclear waste, in particular for the fixation of actinide. It has been shown, that silica aerogels can absorb around 10 wt% of the oxides a model substance, neodymium oxide was used for these experiments ; . Another field of technology where the highly porous morphology of aerogels is generating enormous interest is in microelectronics. Opportunities here should have a widespread impact because interlayer dielectrics ILD ; with a dielectric constant less than that of dense silica 4 ; are critical for high speed devices. There is a vital need for a new generation of low dielectric constant materials in order to improve device performance as smaller feature sizes in integrated circuits are developed. Silica aerogels represent one of the most promising of all. Further studies and also searched key texts.9 11 Six liaison psychiatrists, who were known to have an interest in functional somatic complaints, were asked to cite relevant literature. Box 1 gives the full search strategy Inclusion criteria We identified published studies of cognitive behaviour, cognitive, behaviour, brief interpersonal psychodynamic, and antidepressant therapy. For analysis of the randomised controlled trials, we pooled cognitive behaviour and cognitive therapy because there is no practical distinction between them and the studies gave insufficient details about the interventions to validate any distinction. Studies that included subjects whose symptoms were attributable to physical disease were excluded. Data extraction and assessment of study quality One of us RR ; extracted data from the identified papers and a second reviewer checked them KL ; . Discrepancies were resolved by referring to the original studies. We extracted data on the source of the patient sample; patient characteristics; the intervention and comparison treatment and who carried them out; outcomes; and study dropouts and reasons for withdrawal. Studies were defined as primary care studies if they included patients who were recruited from the community or through their primary care physician. Ten studies included a mixture of primary and secondary care patients, and these were classified as primary care studies.1221 Both reviewers independently noted methodological details using a checklist including randomisation, blinding of those assessing outcomes, and handling of attrition in the analysis. The methodological quality of much of this literature has been previously systematically assessed using quality scales.35 However, the scales vary in the dimensions covered and their complexity. We therefore assessed the relevant methodological aspects individually rather than use a composite score.22 Outcome measures and analysis For all studies, we compared the findings of research from each setting by tabulating the reported health status and functional outcomes tables 1-3 ; . We compared initial disease severity of patients and treatment effect sizes between settings when studies used similar interventions and the same health status measures. In the limited number of cases in which we could compare primary and secondary care patients using the same outcome measure, the severity in each study was calculated by combining patients from all treatment arms. We calculated treatment effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals from the difference in mean health status after treatment and standardised them using Cohen's d.23 We combined treatment effects using fixed effects meta-analysis when two or more studies from the same setting used the same health status measure. A random effects meta-analysis was used if there was significant heterogeneity P 0.05 ; of study effect sizes.

In addition to its vasoactive functions, ET-1 acts as a growth factor for SMCs 6 ; . The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1-beta IL-1-beta ; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-alpha ; upregulate ET-1 mRNA levels in ECs 7 ; . In vascular SMCs, platelet-derived growth factor-AA PDGF-AA ; induces production of ET-1 at protein and mRNA levels 8, 9 ; . Through these vasoactive and mitogenic effects, activation of ET-1 expression is connected to many vascular disorders 10, 11 ; . PDGF-BB is the most potent mitogen for SMCs in vitro and is expressed in macrophages of intimal lesions of ordinary atherosclerosis 12, 13 ; . PDGF-AA is a weak mitogen for SMC proliferation in vitro, but our previous results suggest that it plays a major role in the development of intimal lesions in a macrophage-derived cytokine microenvironment in cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis 14, 15 ; . Recent studies indicate that ET-1 may also regulate SMC proliferation in arteriosclerosis, but the role of ET-1 as a direct SMC mitogen remains controversial 6, 16 ; . In this study, we investigated the interaction between ET-1 and PDGF in rat coronary artery SMC cultures in vitro and in the cardiac allograft model in vivo and mesna EPA, the major active component of fish oil, has attracted attention as a potential nutritional supplement in cancer cachexia, due to its ability to downregulate both pro-inflammatory cytokines and PIF.74 However, despite initial encouraging data from open-label studies, the results from two subsequent large-scale multicentre trials have been disappointing. In the European study involving a total of 200 patients, EPA-enriched oral supplements failed to show any significant benefit over oral supplements alone, although both arrested weight loss. Post hoc dose-response analysis suggested that at higher doses the n-3 fatty acid enriched supplement may be associated with lean tissue gain.64 In the North American and Canadian study involving 421 patients, EPA-enriched nutritional supplements, either alone or in combination with megestrol acetate, were no better than megesterol acetate and melphalan.

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